[ 藝術史上古篇 ] 一、史前藝術與洞窟壁畫 30%

文字發明了歷史，
而圖像則允許我們掙脫文字的牢籠。

按：“窠窟”本指洞穴、空穴，也就是動物棲身之所，喻指事物或事理固有的框架或模式。


寫下來的文字不等於語言，被文字侷限的知識造成精神上的錯覺，
自此，文字開啟了謊言與欺騙之門。

成就了人們靈魂中的忘卻，他們學習它，通過對記憶的忽視，出於對文字的信任，透過外在的、陌生的畫面提醒自己，而非發自內心地想起。

依靠聰明才智帶給他們的只是表象，而非真相。

Martin Kuckenburg《語言和文字的演變》

歷史的分期

◦ 舊石器時代 Paleolithic Age (2,500,000 - 10,000BC)

・早期(2,500,000 - 200,000BC)

Associated with early forms of rock art, like cupules and other petroglyphs.

・中期(200,000 - 40000BC)

The earliest figurines appear, along with more complex rock drawings, ideomorphs and engravings. Neanderthal Man appears.

・晚期(40000 - 8000BC)

The major period of early fine art, exemplified by portable art like the Venus Figurines, bas-relief sculpture and the polychrome cave paintings of Lascaux and Altamira. Early ceramic pottery also appears. Neanderthal man replaced by anatomically modern man, like Cro-Magnon Man.

◦ 中石器時代 Mesolithic Age(10,000 - 4,000BC)

Mesolithic was a short intervening period between the hunter-gatherer culture of the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) and the farming culture of the Neolithic (New Stone Age), during which the ice retreated to the poles and melted. In ice-free regions, there is a shorter Mesolithic period (called Epipaleolithic) or else the Neolithic period begins immediately, leading to more sophicated sculpture, open-air rock art and the growth of portable artworks.

◦ 新石器時代 Neolithic Age(4,000 - 2,000BC)

The great civilizations appear, including Sumer, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Persia, as well as the Indus Valley civilization in India. Cities like Jericho, Ur are built, requiring all sorts of architecture (including the Egyptian Pyramids) and forms of public art. Pictographs and modern systems of writing appear. Europe experiences a much later Neolithic period, and lags behind artistically. Instead of fine art, European artists and architects focus on tomb-building and other megalithic works. The Stone Age ends with the close of the Neolithic.

藝術的分類

1. 岩石雕刻 petroglyphs

杯狀凹陷(capule)及符號線條，僅象徵性塗鴉

2. 象牙雕刻與小物件 ivory carving and other primitive sculpture

古拙的靈動，樸實的線條，氣韻生動，得意而忘形
精準掌握生命的能量，捕捉動物的神韻
部分物件打洞與箭號作為原始宗教的儀式象徵
現代人究竟失落了哪個環節？

＊原始女神崇拜 vs 早期陽具崇拜

3. 洞窟壁畫 cave painting

4. 巨石藝術 megalithic art